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self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eBRICS: \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eKey Stages of Development and Major Achievements\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eRIC expansion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eIn 2004, the RIC strategic triangle expanded \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003ewith the addition of Brazil, joining Russia, India, and China. This pivotal moment gave rise to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eBRIC\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e as a group\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eBy 2006, a significant milestone was reached when the RIC \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eSummit\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e led to the decision to establish a new group\u0026mdash;BRIC\u0026mdash;based on the RIC framework.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eThe acronym \"BRIC\" was first introduced as early as November 2001 in a report by the investment bank Goldman Sachs that focused on the global economic outlook for the mid-21st century. The term was coined by the British economist Jim O'Neill, who used it to describe a group of the largest and most rapidly developing economies\u0026mdash;Brazil, Russia, India, and China. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eHowever, it is essential to recognise that this label functioned as a marketing tool designed to present these nations as attractive investment opportunities for Western companies\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eFrom the outset, there was a clear understanding that the influence of\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e the\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e BRIC nations in the global economy would continue to grow. In 2003, Goldman Sachs published a document titled Dreaming With BRICs: The Path to 2050, Global Economics Paper No. 99, authored by Dominic Wilson and Roopa Purushothaman. This study predicted that\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e by 2029, the BRIC nations would leave behind the leading Western economies and\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e by 2050, the G7 countries would lose their economic dominance\u0026mdash;a shift that, in reality, began to manifest in the early 2020s. The report also forecasted that the sustained high economic growth of the BRIC nations would make them a defining force in the global economy and major players in world politics.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eBRICS as a Name\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eThe name \"BRICS\" entered international discourse in 2011 when South Africa joined the group in December 2010. This step significantly transformed the group's identity\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e it no longer brought together major \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eemerging\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e economies with high growth rates, as South Africa's economy was considerably smaller than those of the original BRIC \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003emembers\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e. However, the inclusion of South Africa brought a new dimension to the group, enhancing its representativeness within the developing world. With South Africa's membership, BRICS extended its reach beyond Europe, Asia, and Latin America to include Africa, making it the first global group to permanently incorporate an African nation. This shift helped BRICS gain a political identity and emerge as the most prestigious group of non-Western developing nations, united in their pursuit of a more just and equitable world order and global governance.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"])

self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eStage 1: \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026ndash;2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eBRIC(S) Development\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eA pivotal moment in the evolution of BRIC was the first summit held in Yekaterinburg in 2009. The timing of this \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eformalisation\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e was significant: the state of the world economy and politics at that time necessitated a reform of the global governance framework as the existing system, dominated by the G7, was proving \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003elargely \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eineffective. Meanwhile, developing countries were emerging as the primary engines of global economic growth. By the late 2000s, the decline of US global hegemony and the gradual shift towards a multipolar world order had become increasingly evident.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eThe Yekaterinburg Summit was foundational for BRIC, largely setting the tone and direction for the group's future work\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e, which remain relevant up to this day.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e Firstly, the Summit\u0026rsquo;s communiqu\u0026eacute; underscored the shared commitment of the member states to creating a more just and equitable global financial and economic order\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e and global economic and financial regulation framework.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e This included advocating for reforms of multilateral institutions, specifically the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB), and the Financial Stability Board (FSB). This focus on reforming global governance to better reflect the interests of developing countries became, and remains, one of BRICS' central priorities.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eFollowing the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eI\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e Summit, BRIC leaders committed to supporting the G20 in addressing the financial crisis, advocating for the reform of international financial institutions (IFIs), and working towards the establishment of a more stable, predictable, and diversified international monetary system. The Summit also solidified the group's overarching goals: fostering a just multipolar world order and promoting cooperation among the four member states in three key areas\u0026mdash;economic, political, and humanitarian\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e dimensions\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e. At this stage, however, the primary focus was on economic cooperation. A critical aspect of BRIC's collaboration was the coordination of member states' positions on major global issues within international governance institutions, particularly with an eye toward reforming the global financial architecture.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eIn September 2009, BRIC finance ministers and central bank governors met again to further explore the reforms in global financial and economic governance. At this meeting, the BRIC countries proposed reallocating IMF and World Bank quotas by 7% and 6%, respectively, in favour of emerging markets and developing \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003enations\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e. This proposal laid the groundwork for the G20 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eSummit\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e in Seoul, where a decision was made to reallocate quotas by 6% and 5%, respectively. This marked a significant success for BRIC, underscoring both \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eits\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e growing influence and the pressing need for overdue reforms in global regulation.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eIn 2009, BRIC took a significant step by holding its first meeting of agriculture ministers to address food security issues. At the same time, plans were laid for \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eorganising\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e a Business Forum and a Think Tank Seminar alongside the 2010 Summit in Brasilia, which marked the beginning of interaction between BRICS and the business and expert communities.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eA major turning point for the group came in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eApril\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e 2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e during the Sanya Summit when South Africa joined BRICS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e following the decision made in late 2010\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e With this expansion, the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003efive nations\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e became known as BRICS, signifying a substantial shift in the group\u0026rsquo;s identity. Unlike the other members, South Africa\u0026rsquo;s economy was notably smaller, meaning that BRICS could no longer be seen merely as a group of major developing economies. However, South Africa\u0026rsquo;s inclusion greatly enhanced the group's representativeness, which spanned all continents except North America and Australia. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eThis expansion\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e strengthened \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eBRICS's\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e global identity, positioning it as the most reputable and representative group of non-Western developing countries.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eFollowing the 2011 expansion, BRICS continued to focus on helping its member states recover from the 2008\u0026ndash;2009 economic crisis while also advancing the reform of global economic governance. In that same year, BRICS leaders \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003estarted\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e holding informal consultations just before the G20 summits.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eThe BRICS Summit in New Delhi in March 2012 unfolded against a backdrop of challenging economic conditions, significant risks linked to the quantitative easing policies in developed countries, where large amounts of money were being printed to address the crisis. These policies, combined with rising debt-to-GDP ratios in the G7 nations, excessive volatility in capital flows, and the slow pace of reform in international financial institutions, created an uncertain environment. In response, the BRICS nations concentrated on preserving macroeconomic stability and suggested establishing their own development assistance institution, independent from developed countries\u0026mdash;the New Development Bank. This initiative aimed to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003emobilise\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e resources for financing infrastructure and sustainable development projects. In response to the self-\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003ecentred\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e policies of Western nations and their reluctance to share power within traditional \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003efinancial \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003einstitutions, the BRICS \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003enations\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e charted a path toward creating alternative development assistance structures and alternative mechanisms for global economic governance. This policy remains in effect today and has been significantly strengthened since then.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eDuring the informal meeting on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Los Cabos in 2012, the BRICS leaders explored mechanisms for pooling reserves and swaps in national currencies. They tasked their finance ministers with assessing the feasibility of these proposals. That same year, the development banks of the five BRICS nations took a significant step by signing the Master Agreement on Extending Credit Facility in Local Currency and the Multilateral Letter of Credit Confirmation Facility Agreement. These agreements marked the beginning of a crucial BRICS priority\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e that grew in importance over the years\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e: reducing reliance on the US dollar for transactions among member countries and creating a trade settlement and foreign exchange reserve system independent of Western control.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eDuring this period, the geopolitical landscape was marked by escalating tensions and regional conflicts, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa, including the Arab Spring in 2011 where Western-backed efforts led to the overthrow of governments in Tunisia and Egypt, a military intervention in Libya resulting in the country's collapse into a failed state, and civil wars in Yemen and in Syria, where an attempt was also made to overthrow the government. In response, BRICS intensified its cooperation on political and security issues, both at the leadership level and through interactions between ministers of foreign and international affairs. The BRICS nations collectively condemned foreign interference in the internal affairs of countries embroiled in these conflicts, particularly the Western practice of exploiting such situations to overthrow regimes they found undesirable. The group was united in its criticism of the regime change policies pursued by the US and European nations in the Middle East.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eIn 2013, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eSouth \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eAfrica assumed the BRICS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e Chairship\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e, introducing\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e several institutional and governance innovations. The Durban Summit, which resulted in the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eeThekwini\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e Declaration, reiterated the members' concerns about the excessively loose monetary policies of developed countries, which were contributing to global inflation and worsening economic imbalances. The declaration also expressed frustration with the slow pace of reforms in the global governance architecture. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eThe 2013 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eBRICS Summit in Durban\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e marked a historic milestone with the decision to establish\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003ebacked by\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e an initial \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003efund\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e of $100 billion\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e. The CRA was \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003ecreated to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eaddress potential\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e liquidity shortages\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e and strengthen the global financial safety net.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eSouth Africa's Chairship in 2013 also laid the groundwork for \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003einitiating\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e the group's dialogue with third countries, a practice that later evolved into the Outreach and BRICS Plus formats. President Jacob Zuma \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eorganised\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e the first \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003emeeting of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eBRICS \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eleaders\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e involving external partner \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003estates, which was focused\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e on fostering cooperation between \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003ethe five \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eBRICS \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003enations \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eand African states. The BRICS nations committed to supporting the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eindustrialisation\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e of African countries through\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e promoting\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e foreign direct investment, knowledge sharing, capacity building, and import diversification. They also pledged to support the United Nations and the African Union in promoting the peaceful resolution of conflicts in the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eAdditionally, 2013 marked the beginning of BRICS cooperation in science and education. The first meeting of the BRICS education ministers was held, during which they agreed to promote collaboration between universities across member states. The same year also saw the inaugural BRICS ministerial meeting on science, technology, and innovation, establishing a strategic framework for cooperation in these important domains.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eIn 2013, BRICS further strengthened its cooperation within the business and expert communities. The newly established BRICS Business Council held its inaugural meeting, where business leaders presented their perspectives on the priorities for cooperation within the group. Another crucial development was the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003einstitutionalisation\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e of the BRICS Think Tank Council\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e (related informal consultations had been in place since 2088),\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e which was tasked with developing innovative solutions to various global governance challenges.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eSumming up, the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003egroup's \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003efirst development cycle (2006\u0026ndash;2013) saw \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eits\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e transformation from BRIC to BRICS with the inclusion of South Africa and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eemergence\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e as the most prestigious and representative group of developing countries. The group made substantial strides in global governance reform, particularly in advocating for a system of currency settlements and reserves independent of the US dollar. BRICS also intensified its cooperation on political and security issues, coordinating approaches to address current global crises and challenges, and initiated dialogue with the business and expert communities, as well as with \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003enon-BRICS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e nations. The group's institutional structure developed rapidly during this time, with member countries continually expanding their agenda and consistently advocating for the reform of global governance.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"])

self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eStage 2: 2014\u0026ndash;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eDeepening Cooperation Against the Backdrop of Escalating Global Tensions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eThe Ukrainian crisis in 2014 fundamentally altered the post-Cold War dynamic between Russia and the West, ending Moscow's efforts to forge partnership relations with Washington and the European Union. The United States adopted a confrontational stance towards Russia, and the European Union distanced itself from Moscow,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e both\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e imposing sanctions and significantly curtailing cooperation on various issues. As a result, Russia was excluded from the G8, reducing the group back to its original G7 format. Simultaneously, tensions between the US and China intensified, with Washington under the Trump administration, beginning in 2017, initiating a full-scale trade war against China. The US also officially declared that its primary foreign policy focus would now be on rivalry with China and Russia, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eemphasising\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e that great power competition would define international relations moving forward.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eDespite the growing hostility between the West and its perceived adversaries\u0026mdash;Russia and China\u0026mdash;BRICS cooperation not only persisted but also deepened. During this period of increased global tensions and the escalating geopolitical divide between the West, on the one hand, and its adversaries, China and Russia, on the other, BRICS cooperation was further deepened along the lines established at the previous stage.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eAt the BRICS Summit held in Fortaleza in June 2014, significant milestones were achieved under Brazil's Chairship, most notably the signing of the Agreement on the New Development Bank and the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eThe creation\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003ethe first formal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e BRICS institutions \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eand global governance framework \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eindependent of Western\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e influence marked the Summit\u0026rsquo;s key achievements\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e. The NDB Charter established an initial subscribed capital of $50 billion, equally divided among the member states, with an initial \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eauthorised\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e capital of $100 billion. Voting shares within the NDB were proportionate to the countries' shares in the subscribed capital. The primary functions of the NDB were to finance infrastructure and sustainable development projects by providing loans, guarantees, equity investments, and other financial instruments. Additionally, the bank was tasked with fostering cooperation with international financial institutions and national development banks, offering technical assistance and establishing special funds. The terms and conditions of the CRA defined the initial pool of resources and their allocation among the member states. It also specified the instruments, access limits, as well as the procedures and conditions for requesting and approving swap transactions.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eThe deepening of cooperation and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003einstitutionalisation\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e of BRICS continued under the Russian Chairship in 2015, culminating in the Summit held in Ufa in July 2015. Firstly, the NDB and the CRA became operational. On July 7, 2015, the inaugural meeting of the NDB Board of Governors, which officially launched the NDB's operations, was held in Moscow, chaired by the Russian Minister of Finance Anton Siluanov. Concurrently, the national development banks of the BRICS nations signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the NDB, establishing a framework for joint \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003emobilisation\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e of funds and project financing. Secondly, the Russian Chairship introduced a series of inaugural meetings involving ministers from various sectors, including the BRICS ministers of energy, environment, labour and employment, industry, communications, culture, and youth policy, along with the heads of tax agencies and senior officials\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e responsible for international cooperation.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e Thirdly, Russia \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eemphasised\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e the importance of the civil and expert dimensions within the group. Events such as the BRICS Civil Forum, BRICS Youth Forum, and the Parliamentary Forum were \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eorganised\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e, fostering dialogue between civil society and legislative bodies of the member states. Additionally, a Memorandum of Understanding on Establishment of the BRICS Network University was adopted, which promoted closer cooperation among universities in the five \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003enations\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e. Finally, the Strategy for BRICS Economic Partnership was adopted during the Ufa Summit. This strategy aimed to intensify economic cooperation among the BRICS member states.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eIndia's 2016 Chairship in BRICS focused on promoting the fulfilment of prior commitments, advancing \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003einstitutionalisation\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e, and deepening cooperation among member states. This was particularly evident in the areas of economic cooperation and global economic governance. At the conclusion of the Goa Summit in October 2016, the BRICS leaders reaffirmed their commitment to advancing the Doha Development Round negotiations\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e the reform of international financial institutions\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003ecooperation to promote\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e strong, sustainable, and inclusive growth. The leaders also supported measures to combat Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS), a practice where profits are shifted from high-tax to low-tax jurisdictions. They underscored the principle that profits should be taxed in the jurisdiction where the economic activity occurs and value is created.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eA significant achievement of India's 2016 Chairship was the initiation of BRICS cooperation in the digital domain. The summit endorsed the ICT Development Agenda and Action Plan, marking the beginning of a coordinated effort to deepen collaboration in this area. The digital partnership included the coordination of national digital programmes, strengthening B2B interactions, facilitating technology transfer, and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003estandardising\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e ICT practices across the BRICS nations. Additionally, it was aimed to build capacity, develop e-government initiatives, and enhance coordination within the International Telecommunication Union and other relevant international \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eorganisations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eIn the political and security spheres, the 2016 Indian BRICS Chairship saw a significant enhancement of cooperation among member states, particularly in addressing global security challenges. The BRICS nations intensified their collective efforts to counter terrorism by focusing on blocking sources of terrorist financing, combating money laundering, drug trafficking, and other criminal activities. Additionally, there was a strong emphasis on countering the misuse of the Internet and ICT for illegitimate purposes. The BRICS leaders reaffirmed the pivotal role of the United Nations in addressing issues related to ICT security. They committed to working together to adopt rules, norms, and principles that guide the responsible behaviour of states, including by engaging with the UN Group of Governmental Experts, which was experiencing controversies due to differing approaches proposed by the US and Russia. One of the major achievements of the BRICS collaboration in 2016 was the establishment of the BRICS Counter-Terrorism Working Group.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eThe\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e 2016 Indian Chairship also made a notable contribution to strengthening BRICS cooperation in the field of sports. The first BRICS Games were held under India's leadership, and this event has since become \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003ea regular fixture.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eIn 2017, under China's Chairship, BRICS continued to deepen cooperation, with Beijing playing a key role in addressing geopolitical tensions within the group, particularly between China and India, and reinforcing a sense of unity among member states. Only five days before the BRICS Summit in Xiamen in September 2017, China and India reached an agreement to expedite the withdrawal of their border forces from Doklam. This agreement effectively ended nearly three months of confrontation. At the Xiamen Summit, Chinese President Xi Jinping called on member countries to redouble their efforts \"to comprehensively deepen BRICS partnership and usher in the second 'Golden Decade' of BRICS cooperation\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\".\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eIn the economic domain, China's Chairship in 2017 saw the adoption of several key documents, including the Framework on Strengthening the Economic and Technical Cooperation, the BRICS E-Commerce Cooperation Initiative, the BRICS Trade In Services Cooperation Roadmap, and the Outlines for BRICS Investment Facilitation. Additionally, 2017 marked the beginning of BRICS tax cooperation, with the heads of tax administrations outlining areas for collaboration within the group and on the global stage. This was \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eformalised\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e through the BRICS Strategic Programme on Customs Cooperation, which provided a framework for cooperation on tax-related matters. One of the significant proposals was the establishment of a BRICS Local Currency Bond Fund, aimed at facilitating the development of debt markets in local currencies.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eAnother key priority of China's Chairship in 2017 was enhancing BRICS' relations with third countries, reflecting Beijing's longstanding focus on expanding the group's global influence. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eEgypt, Kenya, Tajikistan, Mexico, and Thailand were invited to join discussions on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the BRICS Plus development partnership. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eIn 2018, the deepening of cooperation within BRICS continued under the Chairship of South Africa, with President Cyril Ramaphosa assuming leadership from BRICS veteran Jacob Zuma in February of that year. Contrary to the predictions of some observers, Ramaphosa fully upheld the tradition established by his predecessor, using BRICS as a platform to enhance South Africa's global standing and advance its development goals. He made the Chairship of the group one of his top priorities, reflecting South Africa's continued commitment to the BRICS agenda. At the Johannesburg Summit in July 2018, BRICS nations reiterated their support for the central role of the United Nations in international affairs, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eemphasising\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e the need to build a fair, just, and equitable \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eworld\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e order and address both traditional and non-traditional security challenges. Amid a deepening crisis in the World Trade \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eOrganisation\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e (WTO), exacerbated by the US-China trade war and the Trump administration's increasingly protectionist policies, the BRICS leaders pledged to work towards developing the legal framework of the multilateral trade system and address the deadlock in the selection process for new members of the WTO Appellate Body.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"])

self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eStage 4: 2024 Till Now\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eOn January 1, 2024, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the UAE officially became full members of BRICS. Although Saudi Arabia accepted the invitation to join, it has not yet begun to function as a full-fledged member.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eAnother significant innovation in 2024 was the shift in the rotation of countries chairing BRICS. Instead of Brazil, which held the G20 Presidency that year, Russia became the host of the BRICS Summit. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eRussia approached its responsibilities as BRICS Chair with diligence and commitment. In 2024, over 250 events took place across 13 Russian cities. As the chair country, Russia did its best to ensure that new members integrated into the BRICS framework swiftly and seamlessly. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eThe XVI BRICS Summit took place in Kazan from October 22 to 24, 2024, bringing together delegations from 35 countries and six international organisations. A variety of practical initiatives were on the agenda, and participants praised the results-oriented approach of the Russian Chairship, highlighting a strengthened foundation for BRICS cooperation. The proposals to establish a BRICS Grain Exchange and a geological and investment platform garnered enthusiastic support. The importance of launching permanent cooperation mechanisms in transport and nuclear medicine during Russia's Chairship was underscored, along with discussions on creating a new monetary and financial system. On the Summit's second day, participants adopted the Kazan Declaration, which outlined key themes such as the development of BRICS, stances on global challenges, and strategies for resolving regional crises, including those unfolding in Ukraine and the Middle East. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eAs had become a tradition, the Summit featured an additional meeting in the Outreach / BRICS Plus format. Leaders from the CIS countries, along with delegations from various nations across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, as well as heads of executive bodies of several international organisations, were invited to participate by the Russian leadership. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eIn Kazan, the leaders reaffirmed that BRICS is not a closed club; it welcomes all who embrace its values. The members expressed their commitment to collaborating on solutions without external pressures or the imposition of narrow viewpoints. BRICS must respond to the rising global demand for this type of cooperation. With that in mind, significant attention was devoted to the potential expansion of BRICS through the introduction of a new category: partner states. Following Russia's Chairship, Belarus, Bolivia, Kazakhstan, Cuba, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Uganda, and Uzbekistan were granted partner status.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-GB\"\u003eOn January 6, 2025, Indonesia officially joined BRICS as a full member. In February 2025, the BRICS nations established a new rotation system for chairship. From 2025 to 2028, this role will be held by the original five members (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), after which summits may take place in the countries that joined the group in 2024 and 2025.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"])

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Requests	IP Address	Location	AS Autonomous System
25	77.88.21.119	Moscow, Moscow, Russia	AS13238YANDEX LLC
25	79.174.84.146	Russia	AS197695Domain names registrar REG.RU, Ltd
50	2	-	-

Security Scan Report: bricscouncil.ru

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