Just a moment...

news/blog

news

English

__stripe_sid

__cf_bm

TRS_SessionId

__stripe_mid

cf_clearance

The_Royal_SocietyMachineID

Domain 'royalsocietypublishing.org' uses the non-profit oriented generic top-level domain (.org) with no subdomain. Its registrable label 'royalsocietypublishing' stretches across 22 characters containing eight vowels alongside 14 consonants. Tokenizing the label suggests 3 words: royal, society, publishing. Expect seven characters per word on average. No strong language cues emerged from the frequency lists.

html/66/a0/66a08b3a-bdab-46f4-af6c-d2cfbdde8009_fallback.html.gz

hfAutoCompleteMaxResults

hfSolrAutoSuggestMinimumCharactersLength

hfSolrJournalName

hfSolrJournalID

html/66/a0/66a08b3a-bdab-46f4-af6c-d2cfbdde8009.html.gz

require-trusted-types-for 'script'; report-uri https://csp.withgoogle.com/csp/hosted-libraries-pushers

upgrade-insecure-requests; frame-ancestors 'self';

__privateStripeMetricsController2060

18fbe8229f6e922959e5fa551990694a83794a39be2d70933ee79d660befb599

0b50cae3d1b3d09ad7404405b248486dfdcb765ab588eba93760ed16f24774eb

d266cebe579de643751bf3548d09af1b3bb2120cbb0aa64b59c8a84871cd8768

0925e8ad7bd971391a8b1e98be8e87a6971919eb5b60c196485941c3c1df089a

d13ec56fac6a13c7e72cc9a9031ec44eeb53f097ee751382fb996076dcc3a556

c9c25e5db965f66edd1ca79a3db5c19191fc06e3fdf5298f9bff2ae4ef926c17

fd70a1b43954ed8a96aeda2aa011ad0632243c3b09a12ba503f10f3746374f2e

56d7b9bb3b6486f8ba4eecc13c22829f279c1b694b28ee73d5267d944bb68b81

8d321725583694c46d4af0207a7d24dcf482e64d4f47337a77da82728cd94260

73c6d96316f8147d90cd3c3ea023500c3e5239a6adc7d6d0eaed162d60d2e680

16c8456e5572518bb3ea7e3a251e736999da67fec0e27ad132e7d0e7fc14c4e2

8c5490f82d68580304638ce5d37a81c05d1416d050313648ab79697716a78d9c

3a04fc008338e4ee4cd3f9ece3795ab80bf9f9112714a30cc045336ad569f3a7

0e1569f4dabcfca73f008ee3a70a627f767b7eb0d93b823c619523570ad41fa4

69d65ec22a3d484d852e795b79517d6757749efdec5c6842b4968a3333afd2c9

c2cefa716b862d98e075e37cf6fd38a29d26bf92a87184936cb162f965154201

b977cdd887a0932a9d9df608e78493e9a95ad95614aaffc662b742c07b81f032

c1633e5954b9307fcd42fc78b372c1a917315bd8dad2e07916b83f3390ee5310

fedae313b3b7690487011dc8cb77acd96e2161420a38b0b2d6e0344ab29bb77a

49b78d7087c94506e2ef3ad3b504f3da594915e2e0cb235cefead58c87be2145

7a78f010961f7a279682f34bf286ac03f55004b291de97af4f30342484460bb6

773e8b392359a23b941e8e57b9a0f73b7472b7a37958bf70da5a344e5123fd87

e3eed12a1bd4dd7e259151dac190695a818548c2c0c4f0243b035227c74ad6e8

f534ecb0276df3a29d6836c369475215034cd29206aee4460c5ccbee3eff1d68

428c9175819c77945ac0abf4a4071f55b0643d8d4b788eafd952f0d04426d02a

6795e307271bf0c26ceb8c545fc59905e2ea21269f9538bd492cd56c6337e874

cb3c65377350a9aeeb8f3bc884299d4287a37d6485ef1e296e9a47baa003ad2e

90d8c1269f04b01e85fb57dc0f36606cb0914b9ca0c74686e0420446722fd92a

2a1f0b314a3fecab81c99e70f2a1e2218540c2ad61df4a7215dd7c665389333b

1437c47d27b068101cf04766d50264991a1c2bf8d140acf6b2cbcfea703f90e4

2.5 Identification of homogenized stiffness tensor components

2.6 Analysis of the relationship between fabric and stiffness tensors

3.3 Homogenized stiffness tensor components and engineering parameters

3.4 Relationship between fabric and stiffness tensors

4.1 Stereom 1: the galleried stereom located at the tubercle boss

4.2 Stereoms 2 and 3: the non-uniform galleried stereom located at the suture region

4.3 Stereoms 4 and 5: the labyrinthic stereom located at the tubercle centre and the transition zone

4.4 Stereom 6: the perforate high-density stereom at the plate basal zone

4.5 The overall skeletal model of the P. lividus plate overall skeletal model of the P. lividus plat

width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=10

viewport

format-detection

//trs.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/img/favicons/browserconfig.xml

msapplication-config

theme-color

citation_author

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

citation_author_institution

Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Campania, Italy

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Campania, Italy

Dipartimento di Strutture per l'Ingegneria e l'Architettura, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy

The microarchitectural variability in the echinoid skeleton: a 3D geometrical and stiffness characterization of Paracentrotus lividus

citation_title

citation_doi

citation_journal_title

citation_journal_abbrev

citation_volume

citation_issue

citation_publication_date

citation_publisher

citation_title=Control and design principles in biological mineralization; citation_author=Addadi  L; citation_author=Weiner  S;  citation_journal_title=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.;  citation_year=1992;  citation_volume=31;  citation_pages=153-169; 

citation_reference

citation_author=Vogel  S; citation_publisher=Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ;  citation_title=Comparative biomechanics: life’s physical world;  citation_year=2013; 

citation_title=Biomineralization: mineral formation by organisms; citation_author=Addadi  L; citation_author=Weiner  S;  citation_journal_title=Phys. Scr.;  citation_year=2014;  citation_volume=89; 

citation_title=Biomimetic structural materials: inspiration from design and assembly; citation_author=Yaraghi  NA; citation_author=Kisailus  D;  citation_journal_title=Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.;  citation_year=2018;  citation_volume=69;  citation_pages=23-57; 

citation_title=Biomimetic materials research: what can we really learn from nature’s structural materials?; citation_author=Fratzl  P;  citation_journal_title=J. R. Soc. Interface;  citation_year=2007;  citation_volume=4;  citation_pages=637-642; 

citation_title=Nature’s hierarchical materials; citation_author=Fratzl  P; citation_author=Weinkamer  R;  citation_journal_title=Prog. Mater. Sci.;  citation_year=2007;  citation_volume=52;  citation_pages=1263-1334; 

citation_title=Biological materials: structure and mechanical properties; citation_author=Meyers  M; citation_author=Chen  P; citation_author=Lin  A; citation_author=Seki  Y;  citation_journal_title=Prog. Mater. Sci.;  citation_year=2008;  citation_volume=53;  citation_pages=1-206; 

citation_title=Constructional design of echinoid endoskeleton: main structural components and their potential for biomimetic applications; citation_author=Perricone  V; citation_author=Grun  TB; citation_author=Marmo  F; citation_author=Langella  C; citation_author=Candia Carnevali  MD;  citation_journal_title=Bioinspiration Biomimetics;  citation_year=2020;  citation_volume=16;  citation_pages=011001

citation_author=Nebelsick  JH; citation_author=Dynowski  JF; citation_author=Grossmann  JN; citation_author=Tötzke  C; citation_publisher=Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, The Netherlands;  citation_title=Biologically-inspired systems evolution of lightweight structures;  citation_year=2015;  citation_pages=141-155; 

citation_title=Flexible sutures reduce bending moments in shells: from the echinoid test to tessellated shell structures; citation_author=Marmo  F; citation_author=Perricone  V; citation_author=Cutolo  A; citation_author=Daniela Candia Carnevali  M; citation_author=Langella  C; citation_author=Rosati  L;  citation_journal_title=R. Soc. Open Sci.;  citation_year=2022;  citation_volume=9; 

citation_title=The benefits of structural disorder in natural cellular solids; citation_author=Van Egmond  DA; citation_author=Yu  C;  citation_journal_title=arXiv Preprint arXiv:2110.04607;  citation_year=2021; 

citation_title=Domes, arches and urchins: the skeletal architecture of echinoids (Echinodermata); citation_author=Telford  M;  citation_journal_title=Zoomorphology;  citation_year=1985;  citation_volume=105;  citation_pages=114-124; 

citation_title=Functional morphology of regular echinoid tests (Echinodermata, Echinoida): a finite element study; citation_author=Philippi  U; citation_author=Nachtigall  W;  citation_journal_title=Zoomorphology;  citation_year=1996;  citation_volume=116;  citation_pages=35-50; 

citation_title=Stereom microstructure of the echinoid test; citation_author=Smith  AB;  citation_journal_title=Spec. Pap. Palaeontology;  citation_year=1980;  citation_volume=25;  citation_pages=1-81; 

citation_title=Molecular aspects of biomineralization of the echinoderm endoskeleton; citation_author=Killian  CE; citation_author=Wilt  FH;  citation_journal_title=Chem. Rev.;  citation_year=2008;  citation_volume=108;  citation_pages=4463-4474; 

citation_author=Smith  AB; citation_publisher=Springer US, Boston, MA, USA;  citation_title=Skeletal biomineralization: patterns, processes and evolutionary trends;  citation_year=1991;  citation_pages=413-443; 

citation_title=Sea urchin spine calcite forms via a transient amorphous calcium carbonate phase; citation_author=Politi  Y; citation_author=Arad  T; citation_author=Klein  E; citation_author=Weiner  S; citation_author=Addadi  L;  citation_journal_title=Science;  citation_year=2004;  citation_volume=306;  citation_pages=1161-1164; 

citation_title=Sea urchins have teeth? A review of their microstructure, biomineralization, development and mechanical properties; citation_author=Stock  SR;  citation_journal_title=Connect. Tissue Res.;  citation_year=2014;  citation_volume=55;  citation_pages=41-51; 

citation_title=Structure-property relationships of a biological mesocrystal in the adult sea urchin spine; citation_author=Seto  J;  citation_journal_title=Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA;  citation_year=2012;  citation_volume=109;  citation_pages=3699-3704; 

citation_title=Echinoid skeleton; citation_author=Solovjev  AN;  citation_journal_title=Paleontol. J.;  citation_year=2014;  citation_volume=48;  citation_pages=1540-1551; 

citation_author=Gorzelak  P; citation_publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK;  citation_title=Functional micromorphology of the echinoderm skeleton;  citation_year=2021; 

citation_title=Tooth structure and phylogeny of the upper permian echinoid Miocidaris keyserlingi; citation_author=Smith  AB; citation_author=Hollingworth  NTJ;  citation_journal_title=Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc.;  citation_year=1990;  citation_volume=48;  citation_pages=47-60; 

citation_author=Brusca  RC; citation_author=Brusca  GJ; citation_publisher=Sinauer Associates Incorporated, Sunderland, MA;  citation_title=Invertebrates;  citation_year=2002; 

citation_title=Electron microscopy on the spine muscle of the echinoid; citation_author=Kawaguti  S; citation_author=Kamishima  Y;  citation_journal_title=Biol. J. Okayama Univ.;  citation_year=1965;  citation_volume=11;  citation_pages=31-40; 

citation_title=The catch apparatus of the sea-urchin spine: i gross histology; citation_author=Takahashi  K;  citation_journal_title=J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo;  citation_year=1967;  citation_volume=11;  citation_pages=109-120; 

citation_title=The ball-and-socket joint of the sea-urchin spine: geometry and its functional implications; citation_author=Takahashi  K;  citation_journal_title=J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo Sect. 4 Zool.;  citation_year=1967;  citation_volume=11;  citation_pages=131-135; 

citation_title=The structure and arrangement of echinoid tubercles; citation_author=Smith  A;  citation_journal_title=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B.;  citation_year=1980;  citation_volume=289;  citation_pages=1-54; 

citation_title=Crystal orientation and plate structure in echinoid skeletal units; citation_author=Nissen  HU;  citation_journal_title=Science;  citation_year=1969;  citation_volume=166;  citation_pages=1150-1152; 

citation_title=The incorporation of magnesium into the skeletal calcites of echinoderms; citation_author=Weber  JN;  citation_journal_title=Am. J. Sci.;  citation_year=1969;  citation_volume=267;  citation_pages=537-566; 

citation_title=Unusual strength properties of echinoderm calcite related to structure; citation_author=Weber  J; citation_author=Greer  R; citation_author=Voight  B; citation_author=White  E; citation_author=Roy  R;  citation_journal_title=J. Ultrastruct. Res.;  citation_year=1969;  citation_volume=26;  citation_pages=355-366; 

citation_title=Composite material in the sea urchin Cidaris rugosa: ordered and disordered micrometre-scale bicontinuous geometries; citation_author=Jessop  AL; citation_author=Millsteed  AJ; citation_author=Kirkensgaard  JJK; citation_author=Shaw  J; citation_author=Clode  PL; citation_author=Schröder-Turk  GE;  citation_journal_title=J. R. Soc. Interface;  citation_year=2024;  citation_volume=21; 

citation_title=A damage-tolerant, dual-scale, single-crystalline microlattice in the knobby starfish, Protoreaster nodosus; citation_author=Yang  T; citation_author=Chen  H; citation_author=Jia  Z; citation_author=Deng  Z; citation_author=Chen  L; citation_author=Peterman  EM; citation_author=Weaver  JC; citation_author=Li  L;  citation_journal_title=Science;  citation_year=2022;  citation_volume=375;  citation_pages=647-652; 

citation_title=High strength and damage-tolerance in echinoderm stereom as a natural bicontinuous ceramic cellular solid; citation_author=Yang  T; citation_author=Jia  Z; citation_author=Wu  Z; citation_author=Chen  H; citation_author=Deng  Z; citation_author=Chen  L; citation_author=Zhu  Y; citation_author=Li  L;  citation_journal_title=Nat. Commun.;  citation_year=2022;  citation_volume=13;  citation_pages=6083

citation_title=Structural design of the echinoid’s trabecular system; citation_author=Grun  TB; citation_author=Nebelsick  JH;  citation_journal_title=PLoS One;  citation_year=2018;  citation_volume=13; 

citation_title=Quantitative 3D structural analysis of the cellular microstructure of sea urchin spines (I): methodology; citation_author=Yang  T; citation_author=Wu  Z; citation_author=Chen  H; citation_author=Zhu  Y; citation_author=Li  L;  citation_journal_title=Acta Biomater.;  citation_year=2020;  citation_volume=107;  citation_pages=204-217; 

citation_title=Energy absorption in functionally graded concrete bioinspired by sea urchin spines; citation_author=Toader  N; citation_author=Sobek  W; citation_author=Nickel  KG;  citation_journal_title=J. Bionic Eng.;  citation_year=2017;  citation_volume=14;  citation_pages=369-378; 

citation_title=Sea urchin spines as a model-system for permeable, light-weight ceramics with graceful failure behavior. Part I. Mechanical behavior of sea urchin spines under compression; citation_author=Presser  V; citation_author=Schultheiß  S; citation_author=Berthold  C; citation_author=Nickel  KG;  citation_journal_title=J. Bionic Eng.;  citation_year=2009;  citation_volume=6;  citation_pages=203-213; 

citation_title=Comparative morphological and structural analysis of selected cidaroid and camarodont sea urchin spines; citation_author=Grossmann  JN; citation_author=Nebelsick  JH;  citation_journal_title=Zoomorphology;  citation_year=2013;  citation_volume=132;  citation_pages=301-315; 

citation_title=Structure, composition and mechanical relations to function in sea urchin spine; citation_author=Moureaux  C; citation_author=Pérez-Huerta  A; citation_author=Compère  P; citation_author=Zhu  W; citation_author=Leloup  T; citation_author=Cusack  M; citation_author=Dubois  P;  citation_journal_title=J. Struct. Biol.;  citation_year=2010;  citation_volume=170;  citation_pages=41-49; 

citation_title=Morphology and porosity of the spines of the sea urchin Heterocentrotus mamillatus and their implications on the mechanical performance; citation_author=Lauer  C; citation_author=Grun  TB; citation_author=Zutterkirch  I; citation_author=Jemmali  R; citation_author=Nebelsick  JH; citation_author=Nickel  KG;  citation_journal_title=Zoomorphology;  citation_year=2018;  citation_volume=137;  citation_pages=139-154; 

citation_title=Quantitative 3D structural analysis of the cellular microstructure of sea urchin spines (II): large-volume structural analysis; citation_author=Chen  H; citation_author=Yang  T; citation_author=Wu  Z; citation_author=Deng  Z; citation_author=Zhu  Y; citation_author=Li  L;  citation_journal_title=Acta Biomater.;  citation_year=2020;  citation_volume=107;  citation_pages=218-231; 

citation_title=Microstructure and mechanical design in the lantern ossicles of the regular sea‐urchin Paracentrotus lividusi A scanning electron microscope study; citation_author=Carnevali  MDC; citation_author=Bonasoro  F; citation_author=Melone  G;  citation_journal_title=Bolletino Di Zoologia;  citation_year=1991;  citation_volume=58;  citation_pages=1-42; 

citation_title=Design strategies of sea urchin teeth: structure, composition and micromechanical relations to function; citation_author=Wang  RZ; citation_author=Addadi  L; citation_author=Weiner  S;  citation_journal_title=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B;  citation_year=1997;  citation_volume=352;  citation_pages=469-480; 

citation_title=Microstructure and micromechanics of the heart urchin test from X-ray tomography; citation_author=Müter  D; citation_author=Sørensen  HO; citation_author=Oddershede  J; citation_author=Dalby  KN; citation_author=Stipp  SLS;  citation_journal_title=Acta Biomater.;  citation_year=2015;  citation_volume=23;  citation_pages=21-26; 

citation_title=Ordered stereom structure in sea urchin tubercles: high capability for energy dissipation; citation_author=Ji  HM; citation_author=Qi  QJ; citation_author=Liang  SM; citation_author=Yu  H; citation_author=Li  XW;  citation_journal_title=Acta Biomater.;  citation_year=2022;  citation_volume=150;  citation_pages=310-323; 

citation_title=Investigation on the effect of the multilayered porous structure of sea urchin skeleton on its mechanical behavior; citation_author=Yu  H; citation_author=Li  J; citation_author=Hou  Z; citation_author=Li  J; citation_author=Chen  Y; citation_author=Lin  C;  citation_journal_title=J. Bionic Eng.;  citation_year=2020;  citation_volume=17;  citation_pages=469-483; 

citation_title=Echinoid skeleton: an insight on the species-specific pattern of the Paracentrotus lividus plate and its microstructural variability; citation_author=Perricone  V; citation_author=Cesarano  P; citation_author=Mancosu  A; citation_author=Asnicar  D; citation_author=Bravi  S; citation_author=Marmo  F;  citation_journal_title=J. R. Soc. Interface;  citation_year=2023;  citation_volume=20; 

citation_title=Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis; citation_author=Schindelin  J;  citation_journal_title=Nat. Methods;  citation_year=2012;  citation_volume=9;  citation_pages=676-682; 

citation_title=Building skeleton models via 3-D medial surface axis thinning algorithms; citation_author=Lee  TC; citation_author=Kashyap  RL; citation_author=Chu  CN;  citation_journal_title=CVGIP;  citation_year=1994;  citation_volume=56;  citation_pages=462-478; 

citation_title=The relationship between the elasticity tensor and the fabric tensor; citation_author=Cowin  S;  citation_journal_title=Mech. Mater.;  citation_year=1985;  citation_volume=4;  citation_pages=137-147; 

citation_title=Wolff’s law of trabecular architecture at remodeling equilibrium; citation_author=Cowin  SC;  citation_journal_title=J. Biomech. Eng.;  citation_year=1986;  citation_volume=108;  citation_pages=83-88; 

citation_title=Fabric analysis using the intercept method; citation_author=Launeau  P; citation_author=Robin  P;  citation_journal_title=Tectonophysics;  citation_year=1996;  citation_volume=267;  citation_pages=91-119; 

citation_title=Quantification and visualization of anisotropy in trabecular bone; citation_author=Ketcham  R; citation_author=Ryan  T;  citation_journal_title=J. Microsc.;  citation_year=2004;  citation_volume=213;  citation_pages=158-171; 

citation_title=Three-dimensional grain fabric measurements using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography; citation_author=Ketcham  RA;  citation_journal_title=J. Struct. Geol.;  citation_year=2005;  citation_volume=27;  citation_pages=1217-1228; 

citation_author=Chen  T; citation_publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA;  citation_title=Microstructure and micromechanics of the sea urchin colobocentrotus atratus;  citation_year=2011; 

citation_title=Influence of boundary conditions on computed apparent elastic properties of cancellous bone; citation_author=Pahr  DH; citation_author=Zysset  PK;  citation_journal_title=Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol.;  citation_year=2008;  citation_volume=7;  citation_pages=463-476; 

citation_author=Bower  A; citation_publisher=CRC press, Boca Raton, FL;  citation_title=Applied mechanics of solids;  citation_year=2009; 

citation_title=A symmetry invariant formulation of the relationship between the elasticity tensor and the fabric tensor; citation_author=Moesen  M; citation_author=Cardoso  L; citation_author=Cowin  S;  citation_journal_title=Mech. Mater.;  citation_year=2012;  citation_volume=54;  citation_pages=70-83; 

citation_author=Lechnickij  SG; citation_publisher=Mir Publ, ;  citation_title=Theory of elasticity of an anisotropic body;  citation_year=1981; 

citation_author=Vannucci  P; citation_publisher=Springer Nature, Singapore;  citation_title=Lecture notes in applied and computational mechanics;  citation_year=2018; 

 Moesen M. 2011  MMTensor – Micromechanical tensor computations in MATLAB. See  http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/ ( accessed  20 December 2024 ). 

citation_title=Determination of the elastic modulus of highly porous samples by nanoindentation: a case study on sea urchin spines; citation_author=Presser  V; citation_author=Gerlach  K; citation_author=Vohrer  A; citation_author=Nickel  KG; citation_author=Dreher  WF;  citation_journal_title=J. Mater. Sci.;  citation_year=2010;  citation_volume=45;  citation_pages=2408-2418; 

citation_title=Hexagonal Voronoi pattern detected in the microstructural design of the echinoid skeleton; citation_author=Perricone  V;  citation_journal_title=J. R. Soc. Interface;  citation_year=2022;  citation_volume=19; 

citation_title=Fine structure and mechanical properties of the catch apparatus of the sea-urchin spine, a collagenous connective tissue with muscle-like holding capacity; citation_author=Hidaka  M; citation_author=Takahashi  K;  citation_journal_title=J. Exp. Biol.;  citation_year=1983;  citation_volume=103;  citation_pages=1-14; 

citation_title=Catch in the primary spines of the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides: a brief review and a new interpretation; citation_author=De Castillo  J; citation_author=Smith  DS; citation_author=Vidal  AM; citation_author=Sierra  C;  citation_journal_title=Biol. Bull.;  citation_year=1995;  citation_volume=188;  citation_pages=120-127; 

citation_title=Sea urchin spines as role models for biologic design and integrative structures; citation_author=Nickel  K; citation_author=Klang  K; citation_author=Lauer  C; citation_author=Buck  G;  citation_journal_title=Highlights Appl. Mineral.;  citation_year=2018;  citation_pages=1-14; 

citation_title=Sea urchin spines as a model-system for permeable, light-weight ceramics with graceful failure behavior. Part II. Mechanical behavior of sea urchin spine inspired porous aluminum oxide ceramics under compression; citation_author=Presser  V; citation_author=Kohler  C; citation_author=Živcová  Z; citation_author=Berthold  C; citation_author=Nickel  KG; citation_author=Schultheiß  S; citation_author=Gregorová  E; citation_author=Pabst  W;  citation_journal_title=J. Bionic Eng.;  citation_year=2009;  citation_volume=6;  citation_pages=357-364; 

citation_title=The effects of non-periodic microstructure and defects on the compressive strength of two-dimensional cellular solids; citation_author=Silva  M; citation_author=Gibson  L;  citation_journal_title=Int. J. Mech. Sci.;  citation_year=1997;  citation_volume=39;  citation_pages=549-563; 

citation_title=The ultrastructure of the echinoid skeleton; citation_author=Jensen  M;  citation_journal_title=Sarsia;  citation_year=1972;  citation_volume=48;  citation_pages=39-48; 

citation_title=Structural design of the minute clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus pusillus; citation_author=Grun  TB; citation_author=Nebelsick  JH;  citation_journal_title=R. Soc. Open Sci.;  citation_year=2018;  citation_volume=5; 

HSTS header missing - vulnerable to protocol downgrade attacks

CSP header missing - vulnerable to XSS attacks

child-src 'none';object-src 'none';require-trusted-types-for 'script';script-src chrome://resources 'self';trusted-types;worker-src blob: 'self';frame-ancestors 'none';

child-src https:  chrome-untrusted://new-tab-page/ chrome-untrusted://ntp-microsoft-auth/;connect-src chrome://resources chrome://theme 'self';default-src 'self';font-src chrome://resources 'self';img-src chrome://resources chrome://theme chrome://image chrome://favicon2 chrome://app-icon chrome://extension-icon chrome://fileicon blob: data: 'self';object-src 'none';require-trusted-types-for 'script';script-src chrome://resources chrome://webui-test 'self';style-src chrome://resources chrome://theme 'self' 'unsafe-inline';trusted-types parse-html-subset sanitize-inner-html static-types webui-test-script webui-test-html polymer-html-literal polymer-template-event-attribute-policy lit-html-desktop;frame-ancestors 'none';

child-src 'none';object-src 'none';require-trusted-types-for 'script';script-src chrome://resources 'self';trusted-types;frame-ancestors 'none';

base-uri 'none';child-src https:;form-action https://ogs.google.com https://*.corp.google.com;object-src 'none';script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' https:;frame-ancestors chrome://new-tab-page/

Abuse

Admin

Cloudflare-NOC

Cloudflare, Inc.

CLOUDFLARENET

window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="//trs.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Silver/app/js/jquery.3.4.1.min.js" type="text/javascript">\x3C/script>')


                (function (w, d, s, l, i) {
                    w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({
                        'gtm.start':
                            new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'
                    }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
                        j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : '';
                        j.async = true; j.src =
                        'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f);
                })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-TFQX55T7');
            


            var App = App || {};
            App.LoginUserInfo = {
                isInstLoggedIn: 0,
                isIndividualLoggedIn: 0
            };

            App.CurrentSubdomain = 'rsos';
            App.SiteURL = 'royalsocietypublishing.org/rsos';
        

Abstract. The sea urchin skeleton is a lightweight yet load-bearing hierarchical structure composed of calcitic plates with a species-specific three-dimens

Royal Society Open Science


        var SCM = SCM || {};
        SCM.pubGradeAdsEnabled = false;
    


    var googletag = googletag || {};
    googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || [];

    googletag.cmd.push(function () {
    googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad();

    

    });



    (function () {
        var hfSiteUrl = document.getElementById('hfSiteURL');
        var siteUrl = hfSiteUrl.value;
        var subdomainIndex = siteUrl.indexOf('/');

        hfSiteUrl.value = location.host + (subdomainIndex >= 0 ? siteUrl.substring(subdomainIndex) : '');
    })();



    $(document).ready(function () {
        $('.article-top-widget').on('click', '.ati-toggle-trigger', function () {
            $(this).find('.icon-general-add, .icon-minus').toggleClass('icon-minus icon-general-add');
            $(this).siblings('.ati-toggle-content').toggleClass('hide');
        });

        // In Chrome, an anchor tag with target="_blank" and a "mailto:" href opens a new tab/window as well as the email client
        // I suspect this behavior will be corrected in the future
        // Remove the target="_blank"
        $('ul.wi-affiliationList').find('a[href^="mailto:"]').each(function () {
            $(this).removeAttr('target');
        });
    });



    MathJax = {
        tex: {
            inlineMath: [['|$', '$|'], ['\$', '\$']]
        }
    };



        $(document).ready(function () {
            App.SearchAutoComplete.init(["Keywords"]);
        });
        

Requests	IP Address	Location	AS Autonomous System
39	13.226.244.64	United States	AS16509AMAZON-02
13	18.245.60.65	United States	AS16509AMAZON-02
12	151.101.129.229	San Francisco, California, United States	AS54113FASTLY
11	172.64.151.166	United States	AS13335CLOUDFLARENET
7	104.18.13.179	United States	AS13335CLOUDFLARENET
6	23.32.238.210	Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany	AS20940Akamai International B.V.
5	172.66.151.121	United States	AS13335CLOUDFLARENET
5	146.75.120.176	Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany	AS54113FASTLY
4	34.250.18.253	Dublin, Leinster, Ireland	AS16509AMAZON-02
4	18.245.86.52	United States	AS16509AMAZON-02
130	136	-	-

Security Scan Report: royalsocietypublishing.org

Summary

AI Security Verdict

Safe Website

Safety Factors

Details

Bot Protection Detected

Screenshot

Page Load Overview

Language Analysis

Primary Language

Detection Details

Website Classification

Primary Category

All Detected Categories

Detected Features

Domain & IP Information

Detected Technologies3

Content Similarity HashesFor malware variant detection

Image Hashes

Perceptual Hashes

Other Hashes

Scan History